Defending the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline: responding to recent challenges

Recent challenges have brought the discipline of firearms and tool mark identification to the forefront in recent court cases. This article reviews those challenges and offers substantial support for the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline. A careful review of the available literature has revealed that firearms and tool mark identification is rooted in firm scientific foundations, critically studied according to the precepts of the scientific method culminating in the Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners' Theory of Identification. Firearms and tool mark identification has been validated in a manner appropriate for evidence of the kind to be expected in firearms and tool mark examinations. Proficiency tests and error rates have been studied and can provide consumers of the disciple with a useful guide as to the frequency with which misidentifications are reported in the community using appropriate methodologies and controls. As a result, the primary issues in recent challenges do not invalidate the firearms and tool mark discipline as a science nor should it detract it from its admissibility in a court of law.     

Increased Hematocrit Due to Electrical‐Waveform Exposures in Splenectomized Sus scrofa,

In laboratory studies of the pig Sus scrofa, hematocrit has consistently increased after conducted‐electrical‐weapon (CEW) exposures, possibly due to contraction of the spleen. Splenectomized animals and intact sham control animals were exposed, each for 30 sec, to a benchtop‐produced electrical waveform of net charge levels similar to those of some CEWs. Changes in the blood were compared statistically. Hematocrit increased significantly in both splenectomized and sham animals. There were no significant main‐effect differences between values of hematocrit from the two groups. There were, however, significant interactive effects of time and splenectomy for hematocrit, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin. After peak values were reached for these variables, values returned toward baseline levels more slowly in splenectomized animals. This may have been due to the lack of a spleen to sequester red blood cells (thereby resulting in more cells remaining in the general circulation), unlike sham animals with intact spleens.     

论域名与商标

关于域名与商标发生的冲突问题,我国有关的行政法规虽然作出了明确的规定,但是并没有得到执行。尽管法院在处理域名与商标的纠纷中适用了反不正当竞争法的规定,但也只是该法律中其他法律也适用的原则。基于商标与域名的本质区别以及国外法律和国际上的有关规定,笔者认为商标与域名发生冲突时,除“恶意抢注”和“滥用权利”外,处理时不应都简单地认为商标权优先。为了更好地保护商标权人和域名注册人的利益并促进国际互联网络的健康发展,应尽快制定相应的法律、法规,并积极参与制定有关的国际条约。     

Survey of improvement of teaching methods for ＂Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement＂

对电工仪表在工农业中的使用现状及发展趋势进行认真分析后,对《电工仪表与测量》课程教学中面临的困难进行了归纳总结,并对提高《电工仪表与测量》教学中的任务驱动法的主要内容、教学效果措施及其在实际教学过程中所取得的革新教学效果进行了分析研究.     

划损机动车案件的工具痕迹初探

鉴于目前使用硬物划损机动车的案件日益增多，文章收集了大量此类案件的资料，并通过实验方式，归纳了几种较为常见的作案工具痕迹特征，为分析判断作案工具提供参考，同时通过工具痕迹进一步分析刻画犯罪嫌疑人的行为特征与人身特点。     

通过痕迹认定肇事车辆

随着交通事故勘验技术的发展,物证技术在重特大交通事故现场勘验以及侦破交通逃逸案件中发挥的作用越来越重要.痕迹检验技术作为物证技术的一个重要分支,在认定肇事车辆中发挥着举足轻重的作用.交通事故中的痕迹是车辆与车辆、人体、道路等客体在路面上相对高速运动形成的痕迹,相对于其它类型案件有着自己的特点.交通事故中的痕迹分布范围广、造痕体和承痕体相对运动剧烈,形成痕迹的造痕体和承痕体大多都会发生形变.基于交通事故中痕迹形成的这些特点,交通事故中的痕迹检验难度是比较大的.但交通事故中车辆的特殊结构形成的印压痕迹、车辆轮胎、摩托车车篮等造痕体在灰尘等介质作用下在人体的衣服等表面形成的印压痕迹都可以很好反映造痕体的外部结构特征,从这些痕迹反映出造痕体的外部结构特征可以寻找和认定交通肇事车辆.     

从Legend到Lenovo——浅谈中国商品英译名的变迁

中国商品的英文译名从无到有,从简单的拼音标识到灵活运用英语构词规则来构建具有中国特色的商标命名方式,经历了三个大的阶段;拼音法、改进拼音法和综合命名法.从词汇、翻译的角度探讨,作为商业文化重要现象的商标必然受民族、文化心理的影响.     

木质客体上撬压痕迹假特征的识别及分析

刑事案件现场的勘查 ,常见的大多是撬压痕迹 ,了解撬压痕迹木质客体上假特征形成的原因 ,掌握区分真假特征的方法 ,是一项细致而复杂的工作 ,本文仅从材质结构及其力学性质、外界影响等方面浅析假特征的成因和识别 ,希望能对工具痕迹检验有一定的启发。     

光谱成像中光谱基准点选取的研究

目的研究物证检验应用光谱成像标准化规范化的操作技术方法。方法比较相同数据采集条件下选择不同光谱基准点区分物质的效果。结果选择不同基准点对光谱成像检验效果影响很大。结论应用光谱成像方法检验物证时针对不同检验目的选择不同基准点具有很强的规律性。     

六四式手枪弹壳发射顺序的研究

目的　研究六四式手枪射击弹壳的排序规律。方法　对已知顺序实弹射击取样 ,显微观察弹壳上发射过程中形成的痕迹 ,通过统计、归纳 ,从中发现与排序有关的痕迹特征 ,及其与发射顺序之间的关系。结果　研究发现 ,因子弹发射顺序不同 ,弹壳上出现的抛壳挺痕的高低 ,弹底边缘压擦痕的有无轻重 ,推弹突笋痕迹的形状位置与发射顺序有关。结论　根据抛壳挺等痕迹的具体形态 ,及变化特点 ,可判断出六四手枪弹壳的发射顺序。